Apache HTTP Server

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Apache HTTP Server

Modules

UserDir

UserDir module allows users on the server have a web site in their home directory.

Configuration

-Check if the module is available in the directory /etc/apache2/mods-available/

-Open the conf file, /etc/apache2/mods-available/userdir.conf.

$ gksudo gedit /etc/apache2/mods-available/userdir.conf &

<IfModule mod_userdir.c>
        UserDir public_html
        UserDir disabled root
        UserDir disabled
        UserDir enabled username

        <Directory /home/*/public_html>
                AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
#                Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
                Options MultiViews SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
        </Directory>
</IfModule>

-To prevent the files and directories from being listed when there are no index files such as index.html, index.htm and so on, remove Indexes from the following line

                Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec

So it would be like this

                Options MultiViews SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec

It is already commented out from the above example.

-Enable the module.

$ cd cd /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ 
$ sudo ln -s ../mods-available/userdir.load userdir.load 
$ sudo ln -s ../mods-available/userdir.conf userdir.conf

-Restart the Apache server

$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

References

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/en/mod/mod_userdir.html

Virtual Hosts

-make a copy of the default virtual host configuration to have your own.

$ sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite

-e.g. Ubuntu Linux 8.04 Hardy

NameVirtualHost *

<VirtualHost *>
	ServerAdmin kevin@localhost
	
	DocumentRoot /var/www/
	<Directory />
		Options FollowSymLinks
		AllowOverride None
	</Directory>
	<Directory /var/www/>
#               Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
               Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
		AllowOverride None
		Order allow,deny
		allow from all
	</Directory>

	ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
	<Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
		AllowOverride None
		Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
		Order allow,deny
		Allow from all
	</Directory>

	ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log

	# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
	# alert, emerg.
	LogLevel warn

	CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
	ServerSignature Off

    Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
    <Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
        Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Order deny,allow
        Deny from all
        Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
    </Directory>

</VirtualHost>
ServerTokens Prod

<VirtualHost *>
	ServerAdmin kevin@localhost
	
	DocumentRoot /home/kevin/public_html
	ServerName kevin.kevin-home
	ErrorLog /home/kevin/logs/error_log
	TransferLog /home/kevin/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>

-Many virtual hosts with http & https,

NameVirtualHost *:80
NameVirtualHost *:443
<VirtualHost *:443>
        ServerAdmin kevin@yoursite.com

        SSLEngine on

        SSLOptions +StrictRequire

        SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
        SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key

        DocumentRoot /var/www/
        ServerName yoursite.com 
        <Directory />
                Options FollowSymLinks
                AllowOverride None
        </Directory>
        <Directory /var/www/>
#                Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
                Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
                AllowOverride None
                Order allow,deny
                allow from all
        </Directory>

        ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
        <Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
                AllowOverride None
                Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
                Order allow,deny
                Allow from all
        </Directory>

        ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log

        # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
        # alert, emerg.
        LogLevel warn

        CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
        ServerSignature Off

    Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
    <Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
        Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Order deny,allow
        Deny from all
        Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
    </Directory>

</VirtualHost>


<VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerAdmin kevin@yoursite.com

        DocumentRoot /var/www/
        ServerName yoursite.com 
        <Directory />
                Options FollowSymLinks
                AllowOverride None
        </Directory>
        <Directory /var/www/>
#                Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
                Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
                AllowOverride None
                Order allow,deny
                allow from all
        </Directory>

        ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
        <Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
                AllowOverride None
                Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
                Order allow,deny
                Allow from all
        </Directory>

        ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log

        # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
        # alert, emerg.
        LogLevel warn

        CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
        ServerSignature Off

    Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
    <Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
        Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Order deny,allow
        Deny from all
        Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
    </Directory>

</VirtualHost>

#<VirtualHost *:80>
#        ServerAdmin kevin@yoursite.com
#
#        DocumentRoot /home/kevin/public_html
#        ServerName kevin.yoursite.com
#        ErrorLog /home/kevin/logs/error_log
#        TransferLog /home/kevin/logs/access_log
#</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin kevin@yoursite.com

    DocumentRoot /var/www/blog
    ServerName blog.yoursite.com
</VirtualHost>
ServerTokens Prod

-NameVirtualHost *:443 is not necessary if there is only one virtual host using 443 port.

-Ubuntu Linux 8.10 Intrepid

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost

    ServerName your-domain.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/
    <Directory />
        Options FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
    </Directory>
    <Directory /var/www/>
#        Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
        Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
        AllowOverride None
        Order allow,deny
        allow from all
    </Directory>

    ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
    <Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
        AllowOverride None
        Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
        Order allow,deny
        Allow from all
    </Directory>

    ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log

    # Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
    # alert, emerg.
    LogLevel warn

    CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
    ServerSignature Off

    Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
    <Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
        Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride None
        Order deny,allow
        Deny from all
        Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
    </Directory>

</VirtualHost>
ServerTokens Prod

-Copy default-ssl to mysite-ssl and add the key file info.

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
	ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
	
	ServerName your-domain.com
	DocumentRoot /var/www/
	<Directory />
		Options FollowSymLinks
		AllowOverride None
	</Directory>
	<Directory /var/www/>
#		Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
		Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
		AllowOverride None
		Order allow,deny
		allow from all
	</Directory>

	ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
	<Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
		AllowOverride None
		Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
		Order allow,deny
		Allow from all
	</Directory>

	ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log

	# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
	# alert, emerg.
	LogLevel warn

	CustomLog /var/log/apache2/ssl_access.log combined
       ServerSignature Off

	Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
	<Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
		Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
		AllowOverride None
		Order deny,allow
		Deny from all
		Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
	</Directory>

	#   SSL Engine Switch:
	#   Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.
	SSLEngine on

	#   A self-signed (snakeoil) certificate can be created by installing
	#   the ssl-cert package. See
	#   /usr/share/doc/apache2.2-common/README.Debian.gz for more info.
	#   If both key and certificate are stored in the same file, only the
	#   SSLCertificateFile directive is needed.
	# SSLCertificateFile    /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
	# SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
        SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
        SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key

	#   Server Certificate Chain:
	#   Point SSLCertificateChainFile at a file containing the
	#   concatenation of PEM encoded CA certificates which form the
	#   certificate chain for the server certificate. Alternatively
	#   the referenced file can be the same as SSLCertificateFile
	#   when the CA certificates are directly appended to the server
	#   certificate for convinience.
	#SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/server-ca.crt

	#   Certificate Authority (CA):
	#   Set the CA certificate verification path where to find CA
	#   certificates for client authentication or alternatively one
	#   huge file containing all of them (file must be PEM encoded)
	#   Note: Inside SSLCACertificatePath you need hash symlinks
	#         to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
	#         Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
	#SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/
	#SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/ca-bundle.crt

	#   Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL):
	#   Set the CA revocation path where to find CA CRLs for client
	#   authentication or alternatively one huge file containing all
	#   of them (file must be PEM encoded)
	#   Note: Inside SSLCARevocationPath you need hash symlinks
	#         to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
	#         Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
	#SSLCARevocationPath /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/
	#SSLCARevocationFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/ca-bundle.crl

	#   Client Authentication (Type):
	#   Client certificate verification type and depth.  Types are
	#   none, optional, require and optional_no_ca.  Depth is a
	#   number which specifies how deeply to verify the certificate
	#   issuer chain before deciding the certificate is not valid.
	#SSLVerifyClient require
	#SSLVerifyDepth  10

	#   Access Control:
	#   With SSLRequire you can do per-directory access control based
	#   on arbitrary complex boolean expressions containing server
	#   variable checks and other lookup directives.  The syntax is a
	#   mixture between C and Perl.  See the mod_ssl documentation
	#   for more details.
	#<Location />
	#SSLRequire (    %{SSL_CIPHER} !~ m/^(EXP|NULL)/ \
	#            and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O} eq "Snake Oil, Ltd." \
	#            and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"Staff", "CA", "Dev"} \
	#            and %{TIME_WDAY} >= 1 and %{TIME_WDAY} <= 5 \
	#            and %{TIME_HOUR} >= 8 and %{TIME_HOUR} <= 20       ) \
	#           or %{REMOTE_ADDR} =~ m/^192\.76\.162\.[0-9]+$/
	#</Location>

	#   SSL Engine Options:
	#   Set various options for the SSL engine.
	#   o FakeBasicAuth:
	#     Translate the client X.509 into a Basic Authorisation.  This means that
	#     the standard Auth/DBMAuth methods can be used for access control.  The
	#     user name is the `one line' version of the client's X.509 certificate.
	#     Note that no password is obtained from the user. Every entry in the user
	#     file needs this password: `xxj31ZMTZzkVA'.
	#   o ExportCertData:
	#     This exports two additional environment variables: SSL_CLIENT_CERT and
	#     SSL_SERVER_CERT. These contain the PEM-encoded certificates of the
	#     server (always existing) and the client (only existing when client
	#     authentication is used). This can be used to import the certificates
	#     into CGI scripts.
	#   o StdEnvVars:
	#     This exports the standard SSL/TLS related `SSL_*' environment variables.
	#     Per default this exportation is switched off for performance reasons,
	#     because the extraction step is an expensive operation and is usually
	#     useless for serving static content. So one usually enables the
	#     exportation for CGI and SSI requests only.
	#   o StrictRequire:
	#     This denies access when "SSLRequireSSL" or "SSLRequire" applied even
	#     under a "Satisfy any" situation, i.e. when it applies access is denied
	#     and no other module can change it.
	#   o OptRenegotiate:
	#     This enables optimized SSL connection renegotiation handling when SSL
	#     directives are used in per-directory context.
	#SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
	<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
		SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
	</FilesMatch>
	<Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
		SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
	</Directory>

	#   SSL Protocol Adjustments:
	#   The safe and default but still SSL/TLS standard compliant shutdown
	#   approach is that mod_ssl sends the close notify alert but doesn't wait for
	#   the close notify alert from client. When you need a different shutdown
	#   approach you can use one of the following variables:
	#   o ssl-unclean-shutdown:
	#     This forces an unclean shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. no
	#     SSL close notify alert is send or allowed to received.  This violates
	#     the SSL/TLS standard but is needed for some brain-dead browsers. Use
	#     this when you receive I/O errors because of the standard approach where
	#     mod_ssl sends the close notify alert.
	#   o ssl-accurate-shutdown:
	#     This forces an accurate shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. a
	#     SSL close notify alert is send and mod_ssl waits for the close notify
	#     alert of the client. This is 100% SSL/TLS standard compliant, but in
	#     practice often causes hanging connections with brain-dead browsers. Use
	#     this only for browsers where you know that their SSL implementation
	#     works correctly.
	#   Notice: Most problems of broken clients are also related to the HTTP
	#   keep-alive facility, so you usually additionally want to disable
	#   keep-alive for those clients, too. Use variable "nokeepalive" for this.
	#   Similarly, one has to force some clients to use HTTP/1.0 to workaround
	#   their broken HTTP/1.1 implementation. Use variables "downgrade-1.0" and
	#   "force-response-1.0" for this.
	BrowserMatch ".*MSIE.*" \
		nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
		downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0

</VirtualHost>

</IfModule>

Although Apache does not support SSL name based virtual hosts, it might be required that more than one sub-domain has to be accessed through SSL only. There is a simple workaround that is added NameVirtualHost *:443 to the ports.conf file. So it may look like

# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also
# have to change the VirtualHost statement in
# /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default

NameVirtualHost *:80
Listen 80

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
    # SSL name based virtual hosts are not yet supported, therefore no
    # NameVirtualHost statement here
    NameVirtualHost *:443
    Listen 443
</IfModule>

Enable .htaccess

-Change AllowOverride None

e.g)
	<Directory />
		Options FollowSymLinks
		AllowOverride None
	</Directory>

to

	<Directory />
		Options FollowSymLinks
		AllowOverride All
	</Directory>

-make changes as you wish then disable the default one and enable yours.

$ sudo a2dissite default && sudo a2ensite mysite

-To check the virtual host setting

$ apache2 -S

-If it displays an error message like this

apache2: bad user name ${APACHE_RUN_USER}

-Try this

$ apache2ctl -S

Using SSL

Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)

Generate A Key for the CSR

-To generate the keys for the Certificate Signing Request (CSR) run the following command from a terminal prompt:

$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048 

Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.......................++++++
.++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for server.key:your passphrase
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for server.key:your confirm passphrase

Or use to generate both key and csr files.

$ openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout server.key -out server.csr

-To See the details of the RSA private key.

$ openssl rsa -noout -text -in server.key

Remove Passphrase from Key File

If there is a problem with starting apache when the computer is booted, remove passphrase from the key file can be used to solve it. -Make backup file first

$ cp server.key server.key.original

-Remove the encryption from the RSA private key.

$ openssl rsa -in server.key.original -out server.key

-Make sure the server.key file is only readable by root:

$ chmod 400 server.key

Create the CSR

-To create the CSR, run the following command at a terminal prompt:

$ openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr 

Enter pass phrase for server.key:your passphrase
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:Country
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:State
Locality Name (eg, city) []:City
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Company or Organisation Name
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Section
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:your-domain.com
Email Address []:email@address

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:(e.g. a74mf94ns62kjdf8e)
An optional company name []:

-To see the details of this CSR

$ openssl req -noout -text -in server.csr

Creating a Self-Signed Certificate

-To create the self-signed certificate, run the following command at a terminal prompt:

$ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt 

Signature ok
subject=/C=**/ST=***/L=******/O=**********/OU=******/CN=*********/emailAddress=***********
Getting Private key
Enter pass phrase for server.key:your passphrase

-To see the details of this certificate

$ openssl x509 -noout -text -in server.crt

Installing the Certificate

$ sudo cp server.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ 
$ sudo cp server.key /etc/ssl/private/

Enable Module SSL

$ sudo a2enmod ssl 
Module ssl installed; run /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload to enable.

$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload 
 * Reloading web server config apache2                                                                                                                                                        [ OK ]

Edit Site Enabled

-Add the following in the VirtualHost section under the DocumentRoot

	SSLEngine on

	SSLOptions +StrictRequire

	SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
	SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key

So it should look like:

<VirtualHost *>
	ServerAdmin blade2@localhost
	
	SSLEngine on

	SSLOptions +StrictRequire

	SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
	SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key


        ...blah blah	

</VirtualHost>

-Restart the Apache server

$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart 
 * Restarting web server apache2Apache/2.2.8 mod_ssl/2.2.8 (Pass Phrase Dialog)
Some of your private key files are encrypted for security reasons.
In order to read them you have to provide the pass phrases.

Server blade2-home:443 (RSA)
Enter pass phrase: type your passphrase

OK: Pass Phrase Dialog successful.